March 20, 2011

2. Continuous Improvement Through Action Research


"Action research is the process through which teachers collaborate in evaluating their practice jointly; raise awareness of their personal theory; articulate a shared conception of values; try out new strategies to render the values expressed in their practice more consistent with
the educational values they espouse; record their work in a form which is readily available to and understandable by other teachers; and thus develop a shared theory of teaching by researching practice."

Elliot, J. (1991) Action Research for Educational Change, Buckingham: Open University PressJohn Elliott



How is Action Research Defined?

Action Research is a three-step spiral process of (1) planning which involves reconnaissance; (2) taking actions; and (3) fact-finding about the results of the action.
Kurt Lewin (1947)
Action Research is the process by which practitioners attempt to study their problems scientifically in order to guide, correct, and evaluate their decisions and actions.
Stephen Corey (1953)
Action Research in education is study conducted by colleagues in a school setting of the results of their activities to improve instruction.
Carl Glickman (1992)
Action Research is a fancy way of saying let’s study what’s happening at our school and decide how to make it a better place.
Emily Calhoun (1994)


March 1, 2011

2. The Leadership Factor

Leadership: The Heroic Educator

The heroic educator is not an isolated, charismatic, or superhuman individual who hands down miraculous answers from on high. Instead, this is a person like us, who might say: “Come with me. We can do this together.” She could be a colleague who, by virtue of being a little farther down the road, can look back and say: “I’ve been there and it’s not so bad around the bend. Don’t worry. I know it feels pretty dark right here. But it gets light up ahead.” (Brown and Moffett, p. vii. 1999).
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Brown, J. L. and Moffett, C. A. (1999). The Hero’s Journey: How Educators Can Transform Schools and Improve Learning. Arlington, VA. ASCD.
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The TEN Commonalities of Transformational Leaders

1. A VALUES-DRIVEN WORK ETHIC. Leaders not only work long; but they work hard and smart. They are driven by a values system focused on doing the right things, rather than simply doing things right. They work by the project rather than by the hour. They have a highly developed sense of urgency and purpose. They work on moving themselves toward excellence. Leaders are always in a state of "becoming."
2. LIFELONG LEARNERS. Leaders have a sense of curiosity and wonder about them. They tend to ask many questions, both of themselves and others. They are into expansion of thoughts and ideas. They are borrowers, seekers, scroungers, innovators, and improvers. They value their competence and strive to improve.
3. WILLINGNESS TO RISK. Because they often operate at the edge of their competence, leaders undergo many setbacks, frustrations, and mistakes. They don't see these as "failures," but rather as learning opportunities or temporary conditions necessary for eventual success. They have a keen sense of tenacity and persistence. Leaders "plan-do-check-adjust-act." They "ready-fire-aim."
4. VISIONARY GOAL ACHIEVERS. Leaders have a well-developed vision of the future and spend their efforts in accordance with that vision. Their goals are clearly identified and written down. Knowing where they are going is more important than how they are going to get there. They have a global perspective. Leaders are MISSION-DRIVEN.

5. PROGRESSIVE CHANGE-AGENT. These people see change as a constant, on-going process, not an event. Leaders know that change must both occur and be controlled. They are willing to accept the pain that comes with change. They do what others aren't willing to do. They will undertake projects that many will reject or not attempt. Leaders foster a climate for innovation, creativity and change. Change is data-driven, knowledge-driven, research-driven, and uses extensive feedback.
6. CHAMPION TEAM BUILDERS. Leaders know the value and importance of team-building and teamwork. They work to build alignment in their organizations built on mission, values and goals. They champion both team and individual efforts. They build autonomy within the values of the team. They coach to build champions with high self-esteem. They celebrate progress. Leaders collaborate, cooperate and empower. They openly value and support people development and human resources. They lead by nurturing, affirming, support and encouraging. Leaders know that power is not diminished when it is shared.

7. COMMUNICATOR. Leaders know the value and importance of clear, open communication. They have a well-developed ability to transmit ideas, thoughts, programs, etc. They have a powerful vocabulary and use it effectively. They have a high sense of INTEGRITY. They do what they say and say what they do. They LISTEN and provide accurate, honest assessment of situations.
8. ENTHUSIASTIC OPTIMIST. Leaders think in terms of "do's" rather than "don'ts." They focus on possibilities and solutions rather than on impossibilities and problems. They are proactive rather than reactive. They anticipate and predict. They are cheerleaders and lighthouses of the organization. Leaders look for win-win solutions. They are into outcomes, results and performance, not excuses.
9. HIGH EXPECTATIONS OF SELF AND OTHERS. Leaders have a positive self-regard. They see themselves as important, contributing members of society. They place a high value on themselves, their colleagues, and the work they do. Leaders EXPECT THE BEST. They move toward excellence and away from mediocrity. They have learned both the value and the price one pays for excellence. Leaders have a strong INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL.

10. ONE WHO OVERCOMES ADVERSITY. Leaders have been steeled in the fires of adversity. They have become "TOUGH-MINDED" by overcoming obstacles, setbacks, negative thinkers and disappointments. They don't stay down. They bounce back. They "keep on keeping on." They have come to value resilience as an essential part of leadership. Leaders are tenacious and persistent for what they believe makes a difference.

Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectation. New York: Free Press.

February 24, 2011

5. NCATE Standards & Indicators

National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) Standards .



NCATE Standard A: Facilitate the development, articulation, implementation and stewardship of a vision of learning in a collaborative manner with the school community, including being able to:

1. Facilitate the development of a shared vision that focuses on teaching and learning.

2. Facilitate the development and implementation of a strategic plan that focuses on teaching and learning.

3. Use motivational theory to create conditions that motivate staff, students and families to achieve the school's vision.

4. Initiate, manage and evaluate the change process.


NCATE Standard B: Utilize information, frame problems, and exercise ethical leadership processes to achieve goals, including being able to:

1. Use qualitative and quantitative data to:
A. Inform decisions
B. Plan and assess school programs
C. Design accountability systems
D. Plan for school improvement
E. Develop and conduct research

2. Engage staff in an ongoing study of current best practices and relevant research and demographic data, and analyze their implications for school improvement.


NCATE Standard C: Demonstrate an understanding of and be able to apply principles of curriculum, instruction, supervision, and the learning environment, including being able to:

1. Create with principals, teachers, parents, and students a positive school culture that promotes the highest student achievement in a pluralistic society.

2. Develop collaboratively a learning organization that supports instructional improvements, builds an appropriate curriculum, and incorporates best practice.

3. Assess student progress using a variety of appropriate techniques.


NCATE Standard D: Demonstrate an understanding of and be able to apply principles of professional development and human resource management, including being able to: Work with faculty, staff, students, and other constituencies from all cultural and ethnic groups to identify needs for professional development, to organize, facilitate, and evaluate, professional development programs, to integrate district and school priorities, to build faculty as resource, and to ensure that professional development activities focus on improving student achievement.


NCATE Standard F: Demonstrate an understanding of and be able to apply the principles of organizational leadership, including being able to:

1. Establish operational plans and processes to accomplish strategic goals.

2. Analyze schools as interactive internal systems operating within external environments.

3. Monitor and evaluate progress towards strategic goal attainment and adjust as necessary.

4. Use appropriate interpersonal skills.

5. Use appropriate written, verbal, and nonverbal communication in a variety of situations.

6. Demonstrate and promote multi-cultural awareness, gender sensitivity, and racial and ethnic perspective.
Argosy University Graduate School of Education Course: E7134 Comprehensive Planning & Evaluation Course Standards are aligned with the appropriate National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) Standards and Indicators for leaders in the field.

November 16, 2010

6. Blooms Taxonomy

Blooms Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

Knowledge: arrange, define, duplicate, label, list, memorize, name, order, recognize, relate,
recall, repeat, reproduce and state.

Comprehension (Understanding)*: classify, describe, discuss, explain, express, identify,
indicate, locate, report, restate, review, select and translate.

Application: apply, choose, demonstrate, dramatize, employ, illustrate, interpret, operate,
practice, schedule, sketch, solve, use and write.

Analysis: analyze, appraise, calculate, categorize, compare, contrast, criticize, differentiate,
discriminate, distinguish, examine, experiment, question and test.

Synthesis: arrange, assemble, collect, compose, construct, create, design, develop, formulate,
manage, organize, plan, prepare, propose, set up and write.

Evaluation: appraise, argue, assess, attach, choose, compare, defend, estimate, judge, predict,
rate, core, select, support, value and evaluate.

The following adaptation of Bloom’s Taxonomy to classify both the academic standards and the items on the

Cognitive Level A: consists of Knowledge
Cognitive Level B: consists of Understanding*
Cognitive Level C: consists of Application, Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation


Bloom, B., Englehart, M. Furst, E., Hill, W., & Krathwohl, D. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York, Toronto: Longmans, Green.